Guides

How JSON validation actually works

What makes JSON valid or invalid, the most common mistakes, and how to read a parser's error message.

What is Base64, and when should you use it?

Base64 turns binary data into text-safe characters — here's why that's useful, and what it isn't for.

MD5 vs. SHA-256: which hash should you use?

A practical comparison of the common hash algorithms and when each one is (and isn't) appropriate.

Regex cheat sheet: the patterns you'll actually use

A quick-reference for the regex syntax that comes up constantly — anchors, classes, quantifiers, groups.

JWTs explained: what's actually inside a token

Why a JWT isn't encrypted, what the three parts mean, and how signature verification actually works.